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Friday, June 18, 11:00-12:00PM Immunological memory --- the ability to "remember" previously encountered pathogens and respond faster upon re-exposure is a central feature of the immune response of vertebrates. We use models to consider the role of different factors such as exposure to pathogens, cross-reactive and bystander stimulation and homeostasis on the longevity of memory in the CD8 T cell population. We show that the longevity of memory, defined as the decline in the population of memory cell lineages is governed by the following rules: 1. The average loss of cells in memory lineages is proportional to the number of cells of new (memory) specities generated following stimulation by new pathogens and inversely proportional to the size of the memory compartment. 2. Cross reactive stimulation (i) reduces the average rate of loss of memory by reducing the magnitude of expansion of new naive lineages; (ii) the variation in the rate of decline in the populations of cells to different lineages is greatest at intermediate levels of cross-reactivity. 3. The loss of memory is independent of bystander stimulation and the precise mechanism for the maintenance of homeostasis.
Samuel S.-H. Wang Seminar Wednesday, June 16, 3:30-4:30PM I will talk about learning rules in general. The abstract below focuses on one aspect of the work, but I will talk about more than this. For instance, I will cover STDP at these synapses, which is far more complex than suggested by other investigators, but is still tractable. In populations of synapses, long-term potentiation and long-term depression reflect the sum of many individual plasticity events. We have found that at individual hippocampal CA3-CA1 synapses, upward or downward transitions in strength are all-or-none and sudden, thus allowing each synapse two levels of strength. Under native conditions, three-fourths of synapses begin in a low-strength state. Downward transitions are reversible, but after upward transitions synapses can be locked quickly into a high-strength state. Upward and downward transitions could be isolated by blocking or saturating potentiation or depression. This resolves plasticity into component processes that, when recombined, yield the native learning rule. Under realistic spiking conditions, these processes have activity- and timing-dependence predicting that when a rat runs through a place field the only possible form of plasticity is LTP. A three-state model (low, high and locked-in) accounts for our observations and for a variety of previous physiological, pharmacological and genetic manipulations.
Thursday, June 10, 11:00-12:00PM Natural selection acts on viruses at a variety of levels: within cells, within hosts, and between hosts. We examine how viruses can optimise their behavior within a host under pressure from the immune system, and how this optimal within-host behavior may not be ideal from the point of view of transmission between hosts. This is a preliminary presentation of ongoing work with Michael Gilchrist (University of Tennessee) and Alan Perelson (LANL).
Tuesday, June 8, 3:30-4:30PM In many situations, cell-cell adhesion is mediated by multiple ligand-receptor pairs. For example, the interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells of the immune system is mediated not only by T cell receptors and their ligands (peptide-major histocompatibility complex) but also by binding of intracellular adhesion molecules. Interestingly, these binding pairs have different resting lengths. Fluorescent labelling reveals segregation of the longer adhesion molecules from the shorter T cell receptors in this case. We explore the thermal equilibrium of a general cell-cell interaction mediated by two ligand-receptor pairs to examine competition between the elasticity of the cell wall, non-specific intercellular repulsion and bond formation, leading to segregation at equilibrium. We make detailed predictions concerning the relationship between physical properties of the membrane and ligand-receptor pairs and equilibrium pattern formation and suggest experiments to refine our understanding of the system. We demonstrate our model by application to the T cell-antigen-presenting-cell system and natural killer cell-target cell adhesion. Our results underline the importance of active, energy-consuming processes in this system.
Thursday, June 3, 3:30-4:30PM New insights in such diverse topics as RNA to protein ratio in cells, predator-prey interactions, and effects of globally rising CO2 on humans come from mathematical models that rely on biological stoichiometry. Biological stoichiometry is founded on rigorous scale-invariant principles such as mass balance law and the fact that for all life forms, from viruses to humans, carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are essential. The rigor and the universality of these principles provide a framework that is particularly appealing to mathematicians that want to venture into mathematical biology. In this talk, I will present three examples of stoichiometrically based ODE models together with their mathematical analysis and biological implications.
Thursday, May 27, 11:30-12:30PM Models that incorporate host dynamics to study the evolving nature of pathogens such as influenza face major computational challenges. We develop a mathematical model that allows for the study of several strain structures and show how these may influence disease dynamics. In particular, partial cross-immunity to next-to-kin strains leaves hosts less likely to be infected by antigenically similar strains while providing no immunity against all other strains. The status of the host is determined by immune-competence levels corresponding to all the strains that each host has immunity to. Immunity of the host population is captured by an index-set notation where the index specifies the immune-competence level against each particular strain. In contrast to previous modeling approaches, the population here is structured into non-intersecting subclasses. That is, since multiple infection with influenza strains is uncommon, we do not imbed superinfection with the same or different strains as part of our model. We provide threshold quantities that allows us to determine conditions for the invasion of a single strain or multiple co-existence of strains. Furthermore we provide stability conditions for the disease-free and endemic state equilibrium.
Tuesday, May 25, 3:30-4:30PM
Monday, May 3, 3:30-4:30PM Presentation materials: PDF The dynamics of continuous cultures (or bioreactors) has been a
problem of considerable interest to many mathematicians. The standard
modeling approach was developed following the pioneering work of
J. Monod. Models of this class include only extracellular variables
such as cell and substrate concentrations. These simple unstructured
models typically fail to accurately describe the transient behavior
of bioreactors. Understanding such transients is crucial for such
applications as waste water treatment and food processing where
bioreactors are widely used. [1] Shoemaker, J., Reeves, G.T., Gupta, S., Pilyugin, S.S., Egli, T., & Narang, A. (2003). The dynamics of single-substrate continuous cultures: The role of transport enzymes. J. Theor. Biol., 222, 307-322. [2] Reeves, G.T., Narang, A., & Pilyugin, S.S. (2003). Growth of mixed cultures on mixtures of substitutable substrates: The operating diagram for a structured model. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 226 (2), 143-157. [3] Pilyugin, S.S., Reeves, G.T., & Narang, A. Stability of mixed microbial cultures: connecting theory and experiments. Part 1. Unstructured model. Manuscript submitted for publication. [4] Pilyugin, S.S., Reeves, G.T., & Narang, A. Stability of
mixed microbial cultures: connecting theory and experiments. Part
2. Structured model. Manuscript submitted for publication.
MBI Postdoctorate Seminar Speaker: Sanjay Danthi, Mathematical
Biosciences Institute, The Ohio State University Adrenal Zona Fasciculata (AZF) cells release the hormone Cortisol in conditions of physical or psychological stress. Cortisol release is governed by the action of ion channels expressed in the AZF cells. Using the method of patch clamp, the ion channels expressed in bovine AZF cells were analyzed. Modeling of these ion channels will involve fitting mathematical equations that describe the empirical data. Creating a mathematical model that mimics the behavior of these ion channels will provide a unique understanding of the process of cortisol release and will help in predicting the possibility of membrane excitability of the AZF cells.
Friday, April 23, 2:00-3:00pm (talk),
3:00-5:00pm (discussion)
Monday, April 19, 3:30-4:30PM The classical Monod model of microbial growth in a chemostat assumes
that the yield coecient, de ned as the ratio of biomass production
to nutrient consumption, is constant. In this talk, I will discuss
the generalization of the Monod model to the case where the yield
coeffcient is an increasing function of the nutrient concentration.
In contrast to the Monod model, the variable yield model exhibits
sustained oscillations. Moreover, the variable yield model may undergo
a subcritical Hopf bifurcation and feature multiple limit cycles.
I will present the mathematical methods that were derived to analyze
this model. I will also discuss the implications of variable yield
for the coexistence of two competing populations. [1] Pilyugin, S.S., & Waltman, P. (2003). Multiple limit cycles in the chemostat with variable yield. Math. Biosci., 182 , 151-166. [2] Pilyugin, S.S., & Waltman, P. (2003). Divergence criterion for generic planar systems. SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, 64 (1), 81-93. [3] Arino, J., Pilyugin, S.S., & Wolkowicz, G. S. K. Considerations on yield, nutirent uptake, cellular growth, and competition in chemostat models. Manuscript submitted for publication.
MBI Postdoctorate Seminar Speaker: Yixin Guo, Mathematical
Biosciences Institute, The Ohio State University We consider the existence and the stability of standing pulse solutions of an integro-differential equation used to describe the activity of neuronal networks. The network consists of a single-layer of neurons with non-saturating piecewise linear gain function, synaptically coupled by lateral inhibition. The existence condition for pulses can be reduced to the solution of an algebraic system and using this condition we map out the shape of the pulses for different weight kernels and gains. We also find conditions for the existence of pulse with a 'dimple' on top and for a double-pulse. For a fixed gain and connectivity, we find two single-pulse solutions-a ``large'' one and a ``small'' one. We derive conditions to show that the large one is stable and the small one is unstable. Using the same conditions, we also show that the dimple-pulse is stable. More importantly, the large single-pulse and the dimple pulse are bistable with the all-off state. This bistable localized activity may have strong implications for the mechanism underlying of working memory.
Monday, April 12, 2:00-3:00PM The dynamic nature of immune responses requires the development
of appropriate experimental and theoretical tools to quantitatively
estimate the division and death rates which determine the turnover
of immune cells. A number of papers have used experimental data
from BrdU and D-glucose labels together with a simple random birth-death
model to quantify the turnover of immune cells focusing on HIV/SIV
infections. [1] Pilyugin, S.S., Ganusov, V. V., Murali-Krishna, K., Ahmed, R., & Antia, R. (2003). The rescaling method for quantifying the turnover of cell populations. J. Theor. Biol., 225, 275-283. [2] Ganusov, V.V., Pilyugin, S.S., de Boer, R., Murali-Krishna, K., Ahmed, R., & Antia, R. Quantifying the cell turnover using CFSE data. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Tuesday, March 23, 3:30-4:30PM Speaker: Scott Camazine The living world is filled with striped and mottled patterns of contrasting colors; with sculptural equivalents of those patterns realized as surface crests and troughs; with patterns of organization and behavior even among individual organisms. People have long been tempted to find some obscure "intelligence" behind all these biological patterns. In the early twentieth century the Belgian Symbolist playwright Maurice Maeterlinck, pondering the efficient organization of bee and termite colonies, asked: "What is it that governs here? What is it that issues orders, foresees the future, elaborates plans and preserves equilibrium, administers, and condemns to death?" The natural world, it turns out, is replete with patterns and processes that exhibit organization without an organizer, coordination without a coordinator. For some people who come to appreciate this point, it then becomes tempting to attribute such complex patterns and processes to innate behaviors, instincts, or genetic information encoded deep within the chromosomes of the organism. But such "simple explanations" are not likely and, in the best of cases, they merely sweep the question under the carpet. What then is the origin of all this stunning complexity? Excerpted from:
MBI Postdoctorate Seminar Speaker: Sookkyung Lim, Mathematical
Biosciences Institute When an elastic filament spins in a viscous incompressible fluid at varying angular frequency it may undergo a whirling instability and a bifurcation occurs, as studied asymptotically by Wolgemuth, Powers, Goldstein. We use the Immersed Boundary (IB) method to study the interaction between the elastic filament and the surrounding viscous incompressible fluid as governed by the Navier-Stokes equations, and to determine the nature of the bifurcation, which turns out to be subcritical. This allows the study of the whirling motion when the shape of the filament is very different from the unperturbed straight state. The numerical method shows two dynamical motions of the rotating elastic filament depending on the angular frequency and also on the initial bend. These are in which the filament rotates in place around a straight axis, and in which the axis of the filament becomes drastically bent and precesses about the symmetry axis of the system.
Monday, February 23, 2:30-3:30PM Speaker: Professor Giuseppe
Lancia, University of Udine, Italy A polymorphism is a trait which shows variability in a population
(e.g., the blood type): without polymorphisms, we would all look
the same! The possible values of the trait are called alleles.
MBI Postdoctorate Seminar Speaker: Iris Meier, Department
of Plant Biology, Ohio State University
MBI Postdoctorate Seminar Speaker: Edward Givelberg,
Computer Science Division, University of California at Berkeley Complex biological systems containing tissue immersed in a viscous incompressible fluid are ubiquitous. Understanding the dynamics of such systems is crucial in a vast array of scientific and engineering problems, such as the function of the heart, the mechanism of hearing, the dynamics of biological membranes, cell morphology and insect flight, to name a few. In such systems the tissue may be elastic or active, and it may posess complicated internal structure. Its interaction with the fluid is often coupled with other physical processes, such as biochemical reactions, electrical currents and heat diffusion. In this talk I will survey my work on large-scale computer modeling of such systems using the immersed boundary method. I will discuss the application of this work to modeling the fluid dynamics of the heart and (in more detail) the construction of a computational model of the cochlea (the inner ear).
Tuesday, December 2, 3:30-4:30PM Speaker: Christiane Linster,
Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University Spatial patterns of glomerular activity in the vertebrate olfactory bulb and arthropod antennal lobe are believed to reflect an important component of the first-order olfactory representation and contribute to odorant identification. Higher-concentration odorant stimuli evoke broader glomerular activation patterns, resulting in greater spatial overlap among different odor representations. However, behavioral studies demonstrate results contrary to what these data might suggest: honeybees are more, not less, able to discriminate among odorants when they are applied at higher concentrations. Using a computational model of the honeybee antennal lobe, we here show that changes in synchronization patterns among antennal lobe projection neurons, as observed electrophysiologically in response to odor stimuli of different concentrations, could parsimoniously underlie these behavioral observations. We suggest that "stimulus salience," as defined behaviorally, is directly correlated with the degree of synchronization among second-order olfactory neurons.
Tuesday, November 25, 3:30-4:30PM Speaker: Tim Lewis, Courant
Institute and Center for Neural Science, New York University Recently, direct electrical coupling between inhibitory neurons
has been found to be widespread in the brain. The effects of electrical
coupling between neurons has been the focus of much experimental
and theoretical work, however the functional role that electrical
coupling plays in neuronal networks remains unclear. It has been
suggested that electrical coupling can help coordinate synchronous
oscillatory behavior in inhibitory networks, which has been hypothesized
to be important for sensory and cognitive processes. However, it
has been shown that electrical coupling can desynchronize activity
as well. Previous theoretical studies have examined the effects
of electrical coupling on synchronization patterns between single-compartment
model neurons. The applicability of these studies to dynamics in
real inhibitory neuronal networks depends on whether or not a single-compartment
description is a sufficient model. Single-compartment models neglect
the spatial structure of neurons, and when neurons are not sufficiently
electrotonically compact, the spatial structure cannot be ignored.
In this talk, I will discuss how the spatial structure of neurons
(dendritic processing) can affect network dynamics and I will show
how the location of electrical coupling influences phase-locking
in networks of neurons.
MBI Postdoctorate Seminar Speaker: Mike Zhu, Neuroscience
Department and Neurobiotechnology Center, The Ohio State University Ca2+ ions play a very important role in cellular function, ranging from contraction, differentiation, secretion to transcriptional regulation and programmed cell death. My lab focuses on studying the structure and functional regulation of Ca2+ permeable channels, which are essential for increasing intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. Molecular cloning and genome sequencing have revealed the existence of a novel family of Ca2+ permeable cation channels formed by homologues of transient receptor potential (TRP) protein initially identified from eyes of fruit flies. The TRP superfamily currently consists of several subfamilies including TRPC, TRPV and TRPM, each of which contains multiple family members. These channels are involved in many important physiological functions ranging from taste transduction, vision, muscle contraction, synaptic transmission fertilization to temperature, pressure, and pain sensations. The TRP channels have been the main focus of my research. Here, I will present two topics concerning with the functions of TRPV channels. First, I will describe a naturally occurring dominant-negative isoform of TRPV1, also know as vanilloid receptor type 1. Then I will discuss a number of potential activation signals for TRPV3. Both channels are considered to be thermal sensitive channels involved in inflammatory and nociceptive pain pathways of the somatosensory system. Integration of signals coming from various thermal sensitive channels could be an area for mathematical modeling. In the last third of my talk, I will present our study on the regulation of Cav2.1 voltage-gated channel by L7/Pcp2, a cerebellar specific protein known to regulate Gi/o family of the heterotrimeric G proteins. Our data suggest that L7/Pcp2 regulates the activity of the Ca2+ channel in a dose dependent manner. This type of regulation is likely to occur in the cerebellar Purkinje cells in consequence to the activity-dependent local synthesis L7 proteins and thus implicated in learning and memory. Mathematical modeling is commonly used to predict cerebellar output associated with changes in the activity of different ion channels in Purkinje cells.
Neuroscience Journal Club 1. Nicolelis,M.A.L. (2003). Brain-machine interfaces to restore motor function and probe neural circuits. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4, 417-422. 2. Chapin, J.K., Moxon, K.A., Markowitz, R.S., & Nicolelis, M.A.L. (1999). Real-time control of a robot arm using simultaneously recorded neurons in the motor cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 664-670.
Tuesday, November 4, 2:30-3:30PM Speaker: Bruce I. Terman,
Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Albert Einstein College of
Medicine Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is required for several normal physiological process including development and wound healing. Angiogenesis also contributes to the progression of several diseases because it is a mechanism for providing diseased tissue with the nutrients required for cellular viability. For example, angiogenesis is required for tumors to grow beyond 1 mm in size. Pharmaceuticals that target angiogenesis block tumor growth in animal models and certain of these drugs are currently under clinical evaluation. Angiogenesis is a complex physiological process that is mediated by the endothelial cells that form existing blood vessels. Component of this process include the degradation of the extracellular matrix, endothelial cell migration, cell proliferation, and vessel formation. These cellular activities are activated by extracellular stimuli, and both growth factors and the extracellular matrix regulate cell function. These activators do not enter the endothelial cells, but instead activate cell surface receptors triggering intracellular cell signal transduction pathways. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) has received considerable attention as a potent angiogenic growth factor. This is due in part to the observations that inhibition of VEGF function blocks both angiogenesis and tumor growth in animal models. VEGF binding to its high affinity receptor activates multiple signal transduction pathways and endothelial cell activities. Clarification of these signaling pathways may allow for the identification of new pharmaceutical targets and the development of more efficacious inhibitors.
MBI Postdoctorate Seminar Speaker: Jyan-Chyun Jang,
Dept of Horticulture and Crop Sciences, The Ohio State University Tuesday, October 28, 3:30-4:30PM Speaker: Mitch Masters, Department
of Zoology, The Ohio State University Echolocation -- "seeing" using sound -- is a remarkable ability
bats (and toothed whales) have and we don't. We know some of what
bats can do with echolocation but are still in a fairly unenlightened
state when in comes to explaining how they do it. This talk will
focus on some of what we have learned from bats in psychophysical
experiments that raise questions about their signal-processing strategy.
Speaker: Sung Ok Yoon, Neuroscience
Department and Neurobiotechnology Center, The Ohio State University
Tuesday, October 21, 3:30-4:30PM Speaker: George Billman,
Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Sudden cardiac death resulting from disturbance in the normal rhythmic beating of the heart (i.e., ventricular fibrillation) remains the leading cause of death in industrially developed countries, accounting for between 300,000 and 500,000 deaths each year in the United States. Yet, despite the enormity of this problem, the mechanisms responsible for these lethal changes in the cardiac rhythm remain largely to be determined. Alterations in the autonomic neural regulation of heart may play a critical role in sudden cardiac death, particularly during myocardial ischemia. It is now generally accepted that the activation of cardiac sympathetic nerves reduce cardiac electrical stability, while the activation of parasympathetic nerves may counteract sympathetic activation and protect against ventricular fibrillation. However, the mechanisms by which alterations in cardiac autonomic activity provoke these lethal cardiac rhythm disturbances remain to be determined. Ultimately, transmitter substances released from the autonomic nerve terminals must bind to post-synaptic receptors triggering a cascade of intracellular events that, in turn, provoke changes in the flux of ions across the cell membrane. These changes in ion flux may reduce cardiac electrical stability and increase the probability for catastrophic rhythm disturbances. For over 20 years, I have used a canine model of sudden cardiac death to investigate the role alterations in the autonomic control of the heart and the resulting changes in intracellular and extracellular cations play in the induction of ventricular fibrillation during myocardial ischemia.
MBI Postdoctorate Seminar Speaker: David Somers, Plant
Biology Department, The Ohio State University
Tuesday, October 14, 3:00-4:00PM Speakers: Thomas Powers,
Division of Engineering, Brown University E. coli and Salmonella swim using several flagella, each of which consist of a rotary motor, a universal joint known as the hook, and a helical filament which acts a propeller. For propulsion, the filaments wrap into a bundle when the motors turn counter-clockwise. We built a scale model to study the interplay of hydrodynamics and elasticity in this process. Our model shows how the filaments wrap around each other, and allows us to determine which characteristic timescales govern bundling. The filament is normally left-handed in the absence of external stress, but undergoes mechanical phase transitions to other helical states ("polymorphs") in response to external torque. The filament is made of identical flagellin protein subunits which are organized into eleven protofilaments which wind around the filament. We develop an effective theory in which the flagellin subunits and their connections along the protofilaments are modeled with a non-convex potential. A helical spring represents the other connections of the subunits, and introduces a twist-stretch coupling and an element of frustration in our model. We solve for the ground states and the phase diagram for filament shapes.
MBI Postdoctorate Seminar Speaker: Mike Ostrowski,
Molecular Genetics Department, The Ohio State University My lab has a long-standing interest in understanding how signaling pathways elicit selective changes in gene transcription in mammalian cells. We use a combination of genetic mouse models, molecular genetics, biochemistry and cell biology to attack these problems. Most recently, we have become interested in understanding interactions between signaling pathways locating in the different cell types involved in complex biological processes of cancer cell progression and normal cellular differentiation. For example, in vertebrate animals, bone is formed through the interactions between two cell types, cells that make bone (the osteoblasts) and cells that remodel bone (the osteoclast). There is exquisite communication between these cell types throughout life, and upsetting this balance results in disease states, for example, osteoporosis in humans. Understanding and targeting such intercellular networks of communication holds great promise for new advances in the diagnosis and treatment of many human diseases. Recent advances in genomics and functional genomics makes it possible to begin studying such complex networks of interaction that control the overall behavior of different cell types. It is clear that computational and statistical tools will be necessary to model these complex interactions.
Neuroscience Journal Club Brainard, M.S. & Doupe, A.J. (2000). Auditory feedback in learning and maintenance of vocal behavior. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 1, 31-40. Brainard, M.S. & Doupe, A.J. (2000). Interruption of a basal ganglia-forebrain circuit prevents plasticity of learned vocalizations. Nature, 404, 762-766.
Tuesday, October 7, 3:30-4:30PM Speaker: James Sneyd, University
of Auckland
Neuroscience Journal Club The papers for discussion: 64: Schultz W, Dayan P, Montague PR. 7: Fiorillo CD, Tobler PN, Schultz W.
Tuesday, September 23, 3:30-4:30PM Speakers: Howard Levine,
Department of Mathematics, Iowa State University We present a mathematical model for the tumor vascularization theory of tumor growth proposed by Judah Folkman in the early 70's and subsequently established experimentally by him and his coworkers. In the simplest version of this model, an avascular tumor secretes a tumor growth factor, (TGF) which is transported across an extracellular matrix (ECM) to a neighboring vasculature where it stimulates endothelial cells to produce a protease that acts as a catalyst to degrade the bronectin of the capillary wall and the ECM. The endothelial cells then move up the TGF gradient back to the tumor, proliferating and forming a new capillary network. In this, we include two mechanisms for the action of angiostatin. In the first mechanism, substantiated experimentally, the angiostatin acts as a protease inhibitor. A second mechanism for the production of protease inhibitor from angiostatin by endothelial cells is proposed to be of Michaelis- Menten type. Mathematically, this mechanism includes the former as a sub case. Our model is different from other attempts to model the process of tumor angiogenesis in that it focuses (1) on the biochemistry of the process at the level of the cell; (2) the movement of the cells is based on the theory of reinforced random walks; (3) standard transport equations for the diffusion of molecular species in porous media. One consequence of our numerical simulations is that we obtain very good computational agreement with the time of the onset of vascularization and the rate of capillary tip growth observed in rabbit cornea experiments. Furthermore, our numerical experiments agree with the observation that the tip of a growing capillary accelerates as it approaches the tumor.
Postdoctoral
Research Forum
Neuroscience Journal Club The papers for discussion: 1. The beginning (FIRST 5.5 PAGES - up to 'summation') of Pearce, JM. (2002). Evaluation and development of a connectionist theory of configural learning. Animal learning and behavior, 30(2), 73-95. 2. Review: Menzel, R. (2001). Searching for the memory trace in a mini-brain, the honeybee. Learning and memory, 8, 53-62. Extra-reading: 1. Menzel, R. & Giurfa, M. (2001). Cogntitive architecture of a mini-brain: the honeybee. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5(2), 62-71. 2. Fanselow, MS. (1998). Pavlovian conditioning, negative feedback, and blocking: mechanisms that regulate association formation. Neuron, 20, 625-627. |
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